Classical Childrens Books

Summary of Beowulf

Section by section summary of the story of Beowulf

Summary of Outline of Beowulf Summary of Action in Beowulf Summary of Themes in Beowulf
Note there are three different categories of Beowulf summaries above.

Lesson One

I. The Funeral of Scyld Scefing

Summary: Scyld Scefing (pronounced shield sheffing) was king of the famous Dane warriors and great-grandfather of King Hrothgar, a major character in our story. Scyld was a champion in battle and loved by his people. He was known as a ring-giver rewarding followers with gold rings. He was the father of Beo (or Beowulf) who became a good king after him. When Scyld died, they laid his body in a ship and sent it out to sea as he requested. He was a mysterious character who had arrived as an abandoned child alone on a boat, and was sent back out to sea the same way.


II. Hrothgar Builds Heorot

Summary: Hrothgar, King of the Danes, great-grandson of Scyld Scefing, built a great hall named Hearot (which means “Hart Hall.”) After it was built, he gave away gold rings but kept his promise not to waste lives or land. A monster named Grendel was disturbed by the joyful songs coming from Heorot Hall, particularly the songs of Creation that praised the Almighty. For Grendel was descended from Cain, the ancient killer of Abel and the ancestor of all of earth’s evil creatures.


Lesson Two

III. Grendel Attacks

Summary: After the banquet, Grendel attacked killing thirty sleeping warriors and carried them to his lair to eat. A great outcry arose in the morning. The next night the attack was repeated. The assault continued for twelve years and Hearot Hall emptied of people. Only the mead hall was attacked and not the throne room. King Hrothgar’s counsilors debated what they could do and prayed to their old gods, hoping for help from hell. They did not know God as a loving father.


IV. Beowulf Hears and Sets Out

Summary: Beowulf (unnamed) is a strong and noble man from the court of King Hygleac of the Geats (pronounced "yee ots") who heard about Grendel’s attack on the Danes and decided to help. With fourteen other bold warriors he set sail. The brightly, war-decked men pushed their ship into the water and the next day arrived in Denmark. The Danish guard saw them coming and wondered who were these men with rattling and clinking war-gear. He challenged them, noting particularly that one of them (hint: Beowulf) was obviously more than a simple warrior but had the look of royalty. He demanded to know where they were from.


Lesson Three

V. A Danish Watchman Allows the Geat
Warriors to March to Hearot

Summary: Beowulf answered the Danish guard on horseback that challenged him. He declared he was the son of Ectheow (pronounced "edge thee ow") a man now dead but famed for his wisdom. The group had come from Hygelac’s court, Beowulf explained, to help Hrothgar in his conflict. The watchman accepted his words and said he would lead them to Hearot Hall. He assigned another man to guard the Geat’s boat left at anchor. The men marched towards Heorot. The watchman pointed the way to the great hall high on the hill, and then left them as he returned to his post at the shore.


VI.Beowulf's Company at Hearot's Gate

Summary: The Geats arrived at the Hearot Hall and were confronted by Hrothgar’s herald named Wulfar. Wulfar asked them their purpose and stated he believed by their bearing they come with a noble cause and not as beggars. Beowulf introduced himself (using his own name - Beowulf) and stated they wished to speak to the king. Wulfar approached Hrothgar and recommended he listen to the noble visitors.


VII. Beowulf Tells Hrothgar His Plan

Summary: King Hrothgar of the Danes stated he knew about Beowulf. Beowulf, it turns out, is not only the son of Ectheow, he is also the grandson of Hrethel, the former king and father of King Hygelac. Thus Beowulf is the nephew of King Hygelac. Hrothgar had heard of Beowulf and that he has the strength of 30 men. Hrothgar told Wulfar, his messenger, to welcome Beowulf and his company. Wulfar then welcomed the Geats who were waiting outside the hall. He told them they may stay dressed in their battle gear but to leave their weapons. Beowulf then approached King Hrothgar and told him he came from the court of King Hygelac because they heard of the monster who attacks Heorot at night. Beowulf had killed many enemies, including monsters of the land and sea. His only request is that King Hrothgar will allow Beowulf and his company the right to fight Grendel unaided. Beowulf also stated he had heard no weapon works against Grendel, so he planned to fight without weapons. He would use the strength of his own grip. If Grendel wins the battle, the body of Beowulf would be eaten and not need to be returned to his homeland. But if that were to happen, he would ask that King Hrothgar would return Beowulf’s battle-garments to the Geats since they were gifts to him from his grandfather, King Hrethel.


VIII. Hrothgar Responds to Beowulf's Arrival

Summary: King Hrothgar answered Beowulf and welcomed him. Hrothgar told him that Ectheow (Beowulf’s father) had lived withthe Danes after he had killed Heatholaf of the Wulfings. After that killing, Ectheow’s own people, the Geats, would not receive him because they feared war with the Wulfings. Ectheow had come to Denmark when King Hrothgar was young and had just ascended the throne after the death of his older brother Heregar. The young King Hrothgar had sent money to the Wulfings to end the war with them. Later, Grendel began to attack Hearot Hall. Often the Danish warriors would boast in the mead-hall over their beer, but the next morning they would all be dead and the hall bloody. King Hrothgar invited Beowulf and his company into the very same mead hall.


Lesson Four

IX. Unferth Taunts Beowulf

Summary: We are introduced to Unferth, son of Ecglaf, a councilor who sat “at the feet of King Hrothgar.” Unferth began an unfriendly spat with Beowulf due to jealousy. First Unferth taunted: “Are you the Beowulf that lost the foolish, life-treatening, seven-day swimming contest with Breca? Breca then went to his own land, the Brondings, and became a ruler of his people.” Unferth insinuated that Grendel is likely to defeat Beowulf, the Loser.

Beowulf responded, “As drunk as you are, Unferth, you tell the truth about Breca. But I had the greater might in the ocean.”

Beowulf described their boy-hood adventure: “We swam for five days with swords in our hands and I never left him and he could not out swim me. Then a mighty storm caused a sea-monster to drag me below the surface and I pierced the sea-monster with my sword.” (Beowulf’s story of the contest with Breca to be continued in the next section.)


X. Beowulf and Brecca's Contest

(story continued from Section IX.)

Summmary: In his sea-battle, Beowulf slaughtered nine sea-monsters who would no longer attack sea-faring men.The waves bore him to the shores of the Finns. He stated (to Unferth), “I never heard anything like that told of you - or Breca. And, by the way, weren’t you the murderer of your own brothers? And, I’m wondering, if you really were as tough as you claim, why is that Grendel is allowed to attack Hearot Hall all the time you have been here? He has no fear of you, but lives in pleasure and feasts off the Danes and sleeps soundly. But I plan to oppose him with the power of the Geats.” After Beowulf’s response to Unferth, the warriors in the mead-hall laughed and went back to their drinking. Queen Wealtheow arrived, gave the goblet to her husband, then went among all the men in the hall. She stopped at Beowulf, offered the cup, and stated it was a comfort that he had come to their aid. He responded, “I shall accomplish deeds of heroic might, or endure my last days in the mead hall.” Queen Wealtheow went to sit by her husband. There was talking and feasting in the hall; and as night came the king and queen rose to go. King Hrothgar said farewell to Beowulf: “Never before did I trust to any man the excellent hall of the Danes, except to thee now.” (Gordon, X)


XI. God Gave One Man the Strength to Save Them

Summary: King Hrothgar, Queen Wealtheow, and their company of Danish knights retired for the night, leaving Beawulf and his company to sleep in the mead hall. God himself had given Beowulf the strength to guard the hall. He removed his armor and gave it and his sword to his esquire. Before going to sleep Beowulf boasted that he would fight without weapons, and whoever God willed to win, would win. Beowulf’s men lay down as well, none believing they would ever return to their homeland, since they had heard from the men of the mead hall how many of the Danes had been killed. But God gave them success through the one leader. “The shadowy visitant came stalking in the night.” All slept but one.


Lesson Five

XII. Grendel Attacks the Geat Warriors

Summary: Grendel came under cover of cloud and darkness, forced open the doors of Hearot, crossed the floor of the hall and saw the band of warriors sleeping. He planned to kill them all before morning and have a great feast. Beowulf was awake and watched what the monster was likely to do first. Quickly Grendel grabbed the closest Geat, tore him to pieces and ate him. He grabbed the arm of the next warrior. It was Beowulf on his couch. Grendel had never felt such strength as Beowulf seized him. He tried to escape but could not get away. Then Beowulf remembered his speech earlier in the evening, stood up, and cracked the monster’s fingers. The hall resounded with the din of their battle and it was a wonder the hall remained standing. Mead benches were broken in the fight, which would surprise the Danish leaders who built it to withstand all but fire. The Danes outside Hearot Hall were terrified by the wail they heard. Grendel was held firmly by the strongest man of earth.


XIII. Beowulf's Victory

Summary: Beowulf refused to let go, and counted his own life as unimportant. His warriors watched, swords drawn, wanting to save their leader if they could. But they did not know that no weapon on earth could pierce the monster’s flesh. It looked like Beowulf would die.

Beowulf held on and Grendel howled in pain. A wound was seen in his shoulder, the sinews were torn apart, his body split open. Thus Beowul earned life-long fame for the battle. Grendel had to flee, mortally wounded, towards his home in the marshes - knowing he would not live long. The desire of all the Danes was finally fulfilled.

Beowulf, who had traveled from afar, wise and strong, had cleansed Hearot Hall and freed it from its war with Grendel. Beowulf rejoiced that he had fulfilled his boast and cured the Danes’ sorrow. He had a sure sign of victory: the shoulder, arm, and claw of Grendel was attached to the roof of Hearot Hall.


XIV. Danes Rejoice / A Minstrel’s Tale

Summary: In the morning, leaders around the area gathered to follow the bloody tracks of Grendel. It led to the side of the water which was boiling and seething in blood. The monster had gone done to his lair and died there. Old and young men traveled on horseback to see it. All praised Beowulf. They said none deserved a kingdom more than he, but they did not find fault with King Hrothgar who was regarded as wise and good. They had horse races to celebrate. The minstrel in the mead hall had many good tales. He devised a story about Beowulf. He also told the story of Sigemund, the dragon-slayer, and Heremond, the foolish king. Afterwards, more horses raced, the morning continued to advance and the Queen and her ladies went to the Mead Hall.


XV. Hrothgar and Beowulf Gaze at the Arm & Speak

Summary: Hrothgar went to the Mead Hall, saw Grendel’s limb and thanked the Almighty for their deliverance. He recounted the woes they had suffered, acknowledged the might the Lord gave Beowulf to allow him success where their wisest counsellors had failed. He blessed the mother of Beowulf (if she still was alive.) Then King Hrothgar said, “Now I love thee in my heart as my son, Beowulf, best of men; keep well the new kinship.” (Gordon) He promised to give Beowulf any reward he desired since he had given treasurers to other warriors for far less cause. Beowulf, he stated, had achieved eternal fame for this deed and the Ruler-of-All would continue to reward Beowulf with good. Beowulf responded that, “We accomplished that heroic deed through battle, through great favor.” (Gordon) Beowulf noted all of them had risked their lives coming to the aid of the Danes. He stated that he would have prefered Hrothgar to be able to see Grendel’s dead body himself because he had wanted to kill him there. But Grendel had been strong enough to get away, leaving only his shoulder, arm, and hand. Nonethless, Grendel died and awaited judgment. Unferth, the son of Ecglar, was silent as the Danish chieftains stared at the monster’s hand where the tip of each finger was like an iron-spike. Everyone agreed no sword could have killed him.


Lesson Six

XVI. Hrothgar Bestows Valuable Gifts on Beowulf

Summary: A command was given and many men and women repaired Hearot Hall and redecorated it. The doors had burst. Only the roof was left undamaged after Grendel forced his escape, only to meet the fate no one can escape. The time arrived for King Hrothgar to join the banquet in the hall with a noble group about him for the joyous feast. Hrothgar was accompanied by his nephew Hrothulf (son of the deceased Halga.) Then we find these mysterious words: "Not yet at this time had the Scyldings practiced treachery." (Gordon) King Hrothgar then gave Beowulf four valuable gifts made of gold. One of the gold gifts was a helmet with a strong ridge that would protect against swords. Beowulf graciously accepted the generous gifts by raising his mead cup. Then eight horses with gold plated bridles were brought into the house. One had a saddle decorated with gold, which King Hrothgar would ride when he practiced sword play. He gave the horses to Beowulf. King Hrothgar’s generosity earned him the praise of honest people.


XVII. More Treasures Given & Song of Hildegard and Finn

Summary: Hrothgar gave treasures and weapons to each of Beowulf’s thirteen companions from Geatland. He also paid gold for the one unnamed companion who had been killed by Grendel. Then the minstrel provided song and music from the harp. He told the tragic story of Hildeburg, the wife of King Finn of the Frisians and sister of Hnaef, a leader of the Danes.

Read the story of Finn and Hildeburg



XVIII. Song of Hildeburg & Finn Continued
Queen Wealtheow's Plea

Summary: The minstrel finished the Song of Hildeburg and Finn, in which Finn was killed the following spring and Hildeburg taken back to her home in Denmark. (Read part II on page xyz.) The celebration then continued in Hearot Hall. Queen Wealtheow approached the throne where King Hrothgar sat with his nephew Hrothulf. (At that time there was peace between them, so says the author.) Unferth sat at the king’s feet and everyone trusted Unferth’s wisdom even though he had killed his own brothers with the sword. Then Queen Wealtheow spoke, “Take this goblet, my king, and speak to the Geats with kind words now that we have peace. I have heard that you have taken their hero as your son. Be generous with gifts while you may, and leave to your own kinsmen the land and the people at the time in which you will pass in death. I know our nephew Hrothulf, here, will treat our sons kindly if you should die before he does because I am sure he will remember all that you have done for him through his childhood growing up in our house.” She then turned and looked at her sons, Hrethric and Hrothmund, sitting on a side-bench with Beowulf and other sons of heroes.


XIX. More Gifts, More Gracious Words,
and a Glimpse of the Future.

Summary: Beowulf was then given treasures from Queen Wealtheow, including a flagon of wine, two bracelets, a corslet with rings, and a very valuable necklace (torque or collar) unlike any ever known before. The hall erupted in applause for the beautiful gifts. Wealtheow asked Beowulf to use the gifts well, and requested he remember and give counsel to her sons. (We then get a glimpse as to the outcome of some of those gifts. Beowulf gives them to his own King Hygelac who later died on the battlefield with them and they came into the possession of the tribe of Franks.) The warriors again prepared their beds in the Mead Hall for the night, though one of them was doomed for death. As always their weapons were ready for war.


Lesson Seven

XX. She-Monster Attacks

Summary: They went to sleep in the hall. One warrior paid for that mistake with his life, just as others often had when Grendel had come to the hall. For it was soon learned that an avenger, Grendel’s mother, lived. She was the wife of Cain and had been forced to live in the bitter waters after Cain had killed his only brother. She had never forgotten her misery. After that Cain was marked as a murderer and forced to live in the wilderness away from men. From Cain and his wife sprang many evil beings.

Grendel was one of them. He was a hateful monster, who had finally found at Hearot Hall a hero watching and waiting for him. The monster came to grips with him, yet the warrior remembered his strength, the precious gift God had given him and he trusted Him for help. Therefore he overcame the fiend Grendel and brought down that spirit of hell. Grendel left without joy, seeking the place of his death.

Then his mother chose to go on the journey to avenge her son. That night she came to Hearot Hall while the Danes slept. Then the old fear fell on them all when she forced her way in. There was less terror as she was not as strong as an armed man. Nonetheless terror seized them and they drew their swords. Quickly she decided to save her life and depart. She seized one of the chieftains before she left for the marsh. That chieftain she killed was the dearest of heroes to King Hrothgar; he was a nobleman of much fame.

Beowulf was not in the hall when she came because other quarters had been set apart for him after many treasures had been bestowed on him. There was an outcry. She had carried off the famous blood stained hand of her son. The wise king was troubled in his heart that his dear friend was dead. At dawn Beowulf was brought to the castle. He and his companions went to the king who wondered if the All-Ruler would ever bring a change to their problems. The wooden floor echoed as Beowulf approached the king and asked if he had had a peaceful night.


XXI. Hrothgar Answers Beowulf In Sorrow

Summary: Hrothgar answered, “Do not ask about my well-being, for the sorrow of the Danes has been made anew. Aschere, my counsilor and friend, is dead, he who often fought by my side. The mother of the monster slew him in revenge of the death of Grendel whom you killed the night before. She has more than avenged him and many thanes grieve this loss. Low lies that hand that used to give generously to the desires of others. I had heard my people say there were two dwellers in the marsh: this she-monster and Grendel. They did not know who Grendel’s father was or if he had other evil offspring. They live in an unnatural place, a flood under the earth, less than a mile from the marsh. Each night a fire can be seen in the water. No men will go there. Even a hart chased by a hound will die rather than go there to escape the hunt. It is an eerie place whose waves reach the skies. Once more our help can only come from you, Beowulf. You do not yet know the place where you will find that evil creature, if you will. If you come back alive, I will reward you as I did before, with ancient and precious treasures.”


XXII. Journey to the Water's Edge

Summary: Beowulf replied, “Do not be sad, wise warrior. It is better to avenge a friend than mourn greatly. We all must die sometime, but let those who can achieve fame before death. Rise up! Let us go quickly to find the tracks of Grendel’s mother. She will not escape whereever she goes. Have patience for today’s woes.” The old king then lept up and thanked God for Beowulf’s words. His horse was made ready and he went forth in splendor. Foot soldiers bearing shields marched forward. Her tracks were seen over the fields. Over the moors she had born the dead thane who had ruled with Hrothgar. The wise prince went over high cliffs, narrow paths, steep crags - the homes of many monsters. He went ahead with a few others until they came to the place where the mountain trees were hanging over grey rock. Beneath lay the bloody water. All the Danes were deeply troubled when they found Aschere’s head on the cliff by the mere. The people saw the waters surge with blood and gore. They sat down and beheld strange sea-dragons moving over the water and monsters lying on the rocky cliff. These were beasts that often attacked boats at dawn. The reptiles swarmed bitter and angry as the war-horn sounded. The prince of Geats, Beowulf, shot one of the monsters through the heart. It swam sluggishly before it died. Speedily was that beast pierced with other darts and drug to shore. Beowulf clad himself in his armor and did not regret that this would be the end of his life. The war-corslet must go into the water because it knew how to guard his life in battle. His ancient, gleaming helmet encircled with boars guarded his head so no sword could pierce it. But that was not the least of the mighty helps that Hrothgar’s squire, Unferth, lent him; for he handed him the hilted sword named Hrunting, an ancient treasure made of iron and marked with poisonous barbs, hardened in battle. That sword had never failed and this was not its first mighty deed. To be honest, Unferth who had been drunk with wine did not remember what he said to Beowulf the other night. He himself would never risk his life on brave deeds beneath the waters. But that was not true of Beowulf when he clad himself for war.


XXIII. Beowulf Meets the She-Monster

Summary: Beowulf spoke to Hrothgar, “If I die, you will ever be a father to me. Be a guardian to my thanes. And send the treasures you have given me to King Hygelac so he knows I found a generous friend here after my success. And give the blade Hrunting back to Unferth. I shall achieve fame with Hrunting or else perish.” With those words he quickly jumped into the water without waiting for an answer. The waters closed over him. It was a long time before he saw the bottom. The monster-mother quickly discovered that a man was seeking her dwelling place from above. She grabbed him with sharp claws but could not pierce his corslet. She took the prince to her lair at the bottom of the sea. He could not use his sword because too many monsters were on him. His corlset were torn by their tusks.

Then Beowulf noticed he was in a dry hall with a roof that kept out the waves. He saw the fire that caused the light. Then he saw her - Grendel’s mother. She rushed at him; he struck her with the sword. Though it rang out, the sword would not pierce. That sword had endured many battles, cut through many helmets, but for the first time it failed.

But Beowulf was determined. He threw down the sword and trusted in his strength. Without fear or concern for his own life he seized Grendel’s mother by the hair. In wrath he swung her to the ground. She quickly reached out, grabbed him and threw Beowulf to the ground. She sat on him and drew her broad, sharp knife. She would avenge her only child.

It was Beowulf’s corslet that guarded his heart and saved his life. The point could not pierce it. He would have died had God not given him a victory. He sprang to his feet.


Lesson Eight

XXIV. Beowulf's Second Victory

Summary: Beowulf spied a giant sword in the monster’s lair. He grabbed it and struck Grendel’s mother, killing her. He raised the weapon and went along the wall determined to avenge the many death’s at Hearot Hall. He found the lifeless body of Grendel and cut off its head in wrath.

Meanwhile at the top of the lake, the waiting men saw the blood-tinged water. They thought the monster had won and they would never see the Geat hero again.At the ninth hour King Hrothgar and the Danes left, despairing to ever see their friend again.

Back in the monster’s lair, the giant sword in Beowulf’s hand began to melt like ice when the Father releases the winter-freeze. He saw many treasures but took none other than the head of the giant and the sword hilt. He swam upwarded through the water and came to land. His troop of thanes rejoiced to see him and thanked God he was safe. Quickly they took off his helm and corslet. The lake lay still, stained with blood. They set out, retraced their path, and came to the village roads. It took four men to carry Grendel’s head on a spear to the mead hall.

Then the fourteen brave Geats came to Hearot Hall. They entered and greeted Hrothgar. The entire hall was shocked by the sight of the head.


XXV. Reunion with King Hrothgar

Summary: Beowulf declared, “We have brought you some trophies, though I barely came out alive. The fight had almost ended but God protected me. I could nothing with it the sword Hrunting. But I saw a giant sword hanging on the wall. I swung that weapon and slew the guardians of the house. Then the sword burned away as the blood spurted out.”

Then the old hilt, the ancient blade of giants, was given to the aged king as his possession. Hrothgar looked at the hilt. It told the story long ago when a flood slew the race of giants estranged from the Lord. In bright gold and twisted lines and snake images the story was told.

The king responded, “Your fame is even greater. You are steadfast and wise. You shall be granted long years as a comfort to your people and a help to heroes. Heremond did not prove so to the Danes; he did not rule as they wished but the people of the Danes were slaughtered because of him. He killed his table companions - his own counsellors. Though God had given him power and strength, it brought him no joy. He departed from his people. His thoughts grew blood-thirsty. He gave out no rings, he did not follow that custom. He reaped the reward of evil to his people. Learn from this. Hold on to virtue. This I speak from the wisdom of many years. Mighty God bestows on mankind wisdom, land, and rank. But sometimes such men allow thoughts to turn to power and his family line. With the joy of holding lands and strongholds, he lives in plenty. He thinks nothing will ever afflict him, neither sorrow nor old age, or strife. All the world, it seems, meets his own desire.”


XXVI. Hrothgar’s Warning & A Night of Rest

Summary: Hrothgar continued about the wealthy nobleman: “His pride grows. His conscience, the guardian of the soul, sleeps. His heart turns to evil. All that he has does not seem like enough. He covets. He does not give gold rings generously, he neglects the destiny given him by God, and forgets the honors bestoyed on him. He fails and falls. Another replaces him who is glad to be more generous.

Chose better for yourself, Beowulf. Do not give into pride. Your reputation from your strength will endure for a while. But either old age or young death may separate you from that strength. Or fire, or flood, or the grip of a sword, or the flight of a spear, hateful old age, or the gleam of your eye may fail. For even death can overcome you, noble warrior.

For 50 years I have guarded my people. So I thought I had no foe in the world. But look what happened: sorrow after joy. Grendel visited me and we suffered. Thanks be to the eternal God that I have survived and I see his head there. Go now to your seat and enjoy this banquet. Many treasures shall be given to you in the morning.”

Beowulf was glad and sought out his seat. A fair meal was spread again for the people. Night came. The veteran warriors got up, the aged Scylding king desired to seek his bed. The idea of rest pleased the Geat warrior too. A hall thane who served the men guided him, weary as he was from that day’s journey. He took his rest.

Then came the bright light gliding after shadows. The Geats were ready to return home. Unferth bade Beowulf to keep Hrunting the sword. Beowulf thanked him, said he counted the sword as a good friend in battle and a worthy blade (what a noble warrior Beowulf was!) The men readied themselves in their war gear. Beowulf went to the throne room and greeted Hrothgar.


XXVII. Farewell to Hrothgar

Summary: Beowulf said to Hrothgar, “It is time that us to return home. You have treated us kindly and if there was anyway I could serve you more, I would. If I ever hear you are under attack, I will bring a thousand thanes to your aid. I know that Hygelac, lord of Geats, protector of people, though he is still young, will help in your defense if you need it. If your son Prince Hrethric visits the Geats he will find many friend. For it is good to visit distance lands to find allies.”

Hrothgar answered, “The Lord has given such speech to you. I have never heard a young man speak wiser. You are strong in might, wise in mind, prudent in speech. I expect that if anything ever happens to King Hygelac’s prince, and you are still alive, that you will come to the throne. The Sea-Geats could have no better king. As time has gone on, you have pleased me more. You have brought peace between Geats and Spear-Danes and any former conflicts shall cease. Our realms will share their treasures with each other and ring-ships will bear gifts to one another. I know from old traditions that people of one mind are blameless towards friends and foes.”

Then the son of Healfdene gave him twelve treasures and bid him return to their own land quickly. Then that gray-haired noble king, prince of the Scyldings, kissed the great thane and tears fell. There were only two possibilities, but the king knew the most likely chance was that the two would never see each other again.

Then Beowulf strode over the grass, proud of his gold, glorying in the treasure. The boat at anchor awaited its lord. On the voyage, Hrothgar’s last gift was often praised. For that was a great king, blameless in all his ways, until old age robbed him of the joy of strength as it has done to so many.


Lesson Nine

XXVIII. Return to Geatland and
Comparison of Two Queens

Summary: The watchman at the coast saw the Geats marching towards them. He did not hail them with insults this time but rode towards them with welcome. The Geats loaded their vessel. For guarding their ship Beowulf gave him a golden sword which made the guard more esteemed afterwards in the mead-hall for possessing that treasure. The Geats embarked their ship, left the land of the Danes, the mast in the breeze, the timbers creaking. They went on their way until they could see the cliffs of Geatland.

The Geat watchman who had waited for them anchored their ship and ordered their treasures to be carried up. They had not far to go to find King Hygelac, son of Hrethel by the sea-wall.

It was a splendid house with a mighty king. The queen was named Hygd, young but wise and high-minded. She was the daughter of Hareth and had not lived long in this hall. She was not petty or stingy in the giving of gifts. She was a splendid queen of the people and did not have the pride or hostility of the dreaded Queen Thyrth.

Queen Thyrth was the wife of King Offa, son of Garamond, and kinsman of Hemming. That Queen Thyrth was one that even the brave companions of the king could not look upon. Only the great prince himself dared look into her eyes. If anyone dared to look at her, she had them bound and quickly put to the sword. This was not a great queen for they should seek peace and not put to death a loyal subject of the king for some imagined-wrong. In truth, her husband, the kinsman of Hemming, detested that about her and changed it.

Later men in the mead-hall told another tale about Thyrth. They said she had become kinder after marrying King Offa, traveling over the yellow flood to the throne as a gold-dressed bride. They said she had become a good and famous woman. She kept a noble love towards her husband, the prince of heroes. And he was the best as I have heard of all mankind, of the races between the seas. King Offa was a skilled spearman, widely honored for his gifts and victories, he ruled his realm with wisdom. He became the father of Eomer, the helper of heroes, the kinsman of Hemming, grandson of Garamond, mighty in battle.


XXIX. Reunion with King Hygelac

Summary: The returning Geats marched from their ship. They heard that their King Hygelac, the slayer of the Swedish King Ongentheow, was giving gold rings in his court. Beowulf’s safe arrival was announced. Quickly the king ordered that a space be made for them in the great hall. The two kinsman sat together and talked. Queen Hygd, Hareth’s daughter, a peace-maker, gave out cups of mead. Hygelac began to question Beowulf about his exploits.

He stated, “I was not sure you should have traveled to fight that murderous monster, and I give thanks to God to see you safe again.”

Beowulf replied, “Many have now heard of my famous battle with Grendel. I avenged the sorrow of the Danes. When I came to Hrothgar’s hall, he assigned me a seat beside his son. His men were merry. Never did I see a greater hall. At times the queen moved among the people. She is a peace-maker. She encouraged the men and gave away rings. At times it was King Hrothgar’s daughter, named Freawaru, who took the mead to the men. She is young, gold-adorned, and engaged to be married to the son of Froda. King Hrothgar himself brought about their engagement, thinking his daughter could help heal the deadly feuds between the two people. But it is a rare thing when a royal king is killed that the desire for revenge is put to rest, even when the bride is a worthy woman.”


XXX. Freawaru & Ingeld; Beowulf Continues

Summary: Beowulf continued his conversation with King Hygelac about the engagement of King Freawaru and Ingeld. “The day may come when one of the Heathobards is bothered by the fact that one of the Danish retainers is wearing a sword. If that sword was one that the Dane had won in battle one of their warriors may stir up trouble. Then the day may come when that retainer lies dead and his murderer craftily escaping on roads only known to the Heathobards. Then the truce brought about by the wedding is broken. Then Ingeld’s love for his wife grows cold. “No,” said Beowulf, “I do not think the Heathobards will be loyal friends of the Danes for long.”

“But,” continued Beowulf, “let me tell you more about the struggle with Grendel. After the sun set the first night, the monster came out. A violent death befell our warrior, Handscio. Grendel devoured his whole body. Then he pitted himself against me. He had a large pouch made of dragon skins, designed by the devil, and he intended to put me in it. It would take too long for me to tell how I requited every evil deed he had done. There, my prince, I did bring honor to your people by my deeds. For he escaped, and lived a bit longer, but his right arm remained in Hearot. He sat down in misery in his mere.

“The next morning the king rewarded me with many treasures. An older Scylding told tales of long ago. One played a sweet song on the harp, another a song sad and true. The king himself told a wondrous tale. An older warrior began to speak of the battles of his youth.

“That night Grendel’s mother was ready for revenge. She killed a warrior, Aschere, and took the body so they could not even put it on the pyre. That was the heaviest of sorrows to Hrothgar. He begged me to risk my life and he would reward me. I found the famous monster in the depths of surging water. We grappled hand to hand, the water filled with blood, and I cut off her head in violence. I was not doomed for death, but the son of Healfdene, the protector of earls, gave me many treasures.


XXXI. Beowulf Gives Hrothgar the Treasure

Summary: Beowulf continued, “King Hrothgar gave me many valuable treasures which I gladly give you. I owe you much and have few relatives but you, King Hygelac.”

Then Beowulf commanded them to bring the gifts. He said, “King Hrothgar gave me this war gear and said I should tell you of his good will. It belonged to King Hearogard, King Hrothgar’s deceased older brother. Hrothgar has stated he will not give it to Hearogard’s son, Heroweard, even though he is loyal to him. Use it well.”

I heard that four yellowish red horses, all exactly like, came next. Beowulf gave possession of all of them to King Hygelac This was right for a kinsman to do and not cause suspicion and trouble. Beowulf and Hygelac treated the other well.

I heard that he presented to Queen Hygd the neckband that Queen Wealtheow had presented to him as well as three steeds.

Thus Beowulf, son of Ecgtheow, lived honorably. He never killed his hearth companions in drunkenness, was not savage, but always fearless in a fight. He guarded that strength that God had given him. For a long time Beowulf had been despised for the Geats had looked down on him and thought he was worthless. The leader of the troops did not honor him when he was younger and sat on the mead benches. They had thought he was lazy and unfit. But now his fame made up for every slight he had suffered.

Then King Hygelac bade them bring in the sword of his father, King Hrethel. There was not a better sword treasured among the Geats and he gave it to Beowulf. He also gave him seven thousand measures of land, a house, and princely rank. Both of them had land and ancestral claims by natural right. But King Hygelac held even more land..


Transition to Book II Of Beowulf

It came to pass in later years that Hygelac fell in battle. And eventually Hygelac’s son, Heardred, also fell by the sword when attacked by the Swedes (Scylfings). Then Beowulf became king of the Geats. He ruled well for fifty years. He became himself an aged king, a guardian of the land, until a dragon which guarded a treasure in a deep burial mound began to show his might on dark nights.

An unknown pathway had led to that treasure mound. An unnamed man entered there, greedily seized treasure from the sleeping dragon, so that it was enraged when it woke.


Book Two: Part Three: Lesson Ten

XXXII. An Ancient Treasure Found

Summary: The man who crept into the cave did not intend to violate a dragon’s hoard. But he was a slave who was fleeing from a beating from his master. Pressed down by guilt, unable to find shelter, he hid in the mound. He saw the monster and was afraid. But then he saw the treasure and greed seized him.

In that cave were many ancient treasures hid long-ago by men of a noble race. One by one those men died off, except one veteran. He outlived the others, a watchman weary for his departed friends. He saw his fate, and knew that he would guard the old treasures for only a short time. The barrow (underground mound) was on an open field, close to the sea, newly raised on the headland (cliff), strong and secure. Into that barrow the guardian put the gold treasures.

He said, “Now earth, look at what heroes cannot see: the treasure of earls. Lo! Valiant men took it from you. But war took each of my people. They gave up their life, they who had seen joy in the hall. I have no one who can wield the sword or polish the treasures. The stout helmet is missing its beaten plates. Those who would polish this treasure have followed the warriors who died getting it. Gone is the song of the harp, the timbrel, the hawk in flight through the hall, the horse in battle. Violent death has taken many generations.”

He lamented his sorrow, day after joyless day, until death took him. Then the old night foe, the flaming dragon who seeks barrows, found the treasure hoard. He held possession of the pagan gold, even though he gained nothing from it. For three hundred years the dragon guarded that treasure. Then when the slave snuck into his cave, his mind became troubled. Then that man returned to his master with the goblet and begged him for protection. Therefore the treasure was found, some more rings were taken, and the master forgave the unhappy man. For the first time the prince beheld that ancient treasure.

Then the dragon woke, the wrath was rekindled. He followed the track of the man who had stepped near his head. Not finding him, or finding the missing treasure, the dragon took to the air. The first onslaught terrified the people. He burned their houses. He intended to kill them all. Then he returned to his barrow, thinking he would be safe there. His hope deceived him.


XXXIII. How Beowulf Became King

Summary: Beowulf learned of this terror because his own home was consumed by flames. He was troubled by dark thoughts which was unusual for him. The dragon had destroyed his stronghold and their countryside. He was determined to attack the dragon and had an iron shield made. He knew a wooden shield would not work against the flames.

The famous chieftain was fated to die as well as the dragon with him. Beowulf scorned to face the dragon with a troop of warriors. He did not fear the fight or worry about the valour of a dragon. Before this he had endured many battles since he fought Grendel in Hrothgar’s hall.

(Flashback) This was not going to be a mere hand-to-hand battle. That is what had happened to King Hygelac, his old king, who died when he had attacked the Frisians long ago. His blood had been shed by the sword. The Hetware who had pushed forward with their shields had no reason to boast about their encounter with Beowulf. Few indeed escaped. Beowulf escaped by swimming back to the land of the Geats, holding thirty suits of armor that he had won in battle. When he returned to Geatland Queen Hygd gave him rings and treasure and offered the throne because she did not trust that her own young son, Heardred, would be able to protect the kingdom now that Hygelac was dead.

But Beowulf would not consent to rule over his cousin Heardred, son of the king. Instead he upheld the young king with counsel and support. He helped him rule the Weder-Geats.

Swedish exiles, the sons of Othere, sought to take refuge in the land of the Geats when they had rebelled against the king of the Scylfings(Swedes) who was their uncle That ended up costing Heardred his life when attacked by Onela, the son of Ongentheow. After Heardred’s death, Beowulf became king of the Geats. He was a good king.


XXXIV. Beowulf Reminisces

Summary: (Flashback from Section 33 continues) In later years Beowulf responded to the death of his prince, Heardred. He sent warriors and weapons with Eadgils, son of Ohtere, son of Ongentheow. Then King Onela of the Swedes died. Thus Beowulf had survived many battles. So with eleven other warriors he sought the dragon. He now had the goblet that had been taken by the runaway slave. So that man became the thirteenth man in their troop. Unhappily, he was forced to show them the way there. He led them to the underground cave close to the sea against his will. Within it were the jewels and the monster. It would not be easy for any to enter. Beowulf sat down, sad, and said good-bye to his companions. He was thinking of his own death which soon would come. He said to them, “I have come through many battles. I was seven years old when my grandfather, King Hrethel, took me from my father and fostered me. He gave me treasures and feasts, loved me no less than his own three sons. Haethcyn, the second son, killed the oldest son, Herebeald. That death was not intended by Haethcyn, he was hunting and missed the mark. No amount of gold could pay that debt and the death was left unavenged. Later the third son, Hygelac became king. “Hrethel never got over his oldest son’s death. It was like the sadness that an aged man must endure when the son of his youth swings from the gallows. He makes a sad song when his son hangs and becomes food for the ravens. He cannot help him. Every day he remembers his son’s death. He is not interested in having another son. Sorrowfully, he gazes at his dead son’s home, now quiet. All joy is gone.


XXXV. Beowulf Faces the Dragon

Summary: Beowulf continued, “King Hrethel mourned his son Herebeald the rest of his life. He could not avenge the murder though he resented his son Haethcyn. He left to his heirs land and cities when he died.

“The old conflict between Swedes and Geats was renewed after Hrethel’s death. Ongentheow’s sons were bold in battle. They attacked my kinsmen near Hreosnaburg. The Geats attacked back but Haethcyn was killed. The next morning a kinsman took revenge. It was Eofor who slay Ongentheow.

“I took revenge for King Hygelac and earned the gifts he gave me. He never had to hire warriors from other tribes for I fought hard for him. I marched before him on foot. So shall I always fight.

“Afterwards I slew Draeghrefn, champion of the Hugas (Franks) in the battle of two armies after he killed King Hygelac. He wanted to take Hygelac’s war-gear off his body to give to the Frisian King, but I stopped him. It was not with my sword that I slew him but with my battle grip. But now with my sword I will wage war for the treasure.”

Then he greeted each of his men for the last time. “I would not use a sword or weapon if I could beat the dragon without it, as I did with Grendel. But I expect fiery blast and need shield and corlset. I will not give a foot, but Fate, the master of each man, will decide between us. You men watch from the hill. For it is my task alone to strive against the dragon and win with heroic deeds. By my might I shall gain the treasure, or death will take me.” Then he arose, stern under his helmet, toward the rocky cliffs. He trusted his strength; he was no coward.

He saw a stone arch with a stream rushing out, hot from the dragon’s breath. He uttered a battle cry under the gray stone.

Hate was aroused. The dragon’s breath came forth. He lifted his shield. The dragon was ready for strife. Beowulf raised his sharp sword. They both felt fear of the other. The dragon coiled. The warrior rushed forward, hastening to his fate. The shield gave less protection than he wished. He struck the monster with his sword; it did not go deep. The dragon was savage, he cast forth deadly flames. The famous sword failed at the king’s need. Quickly the fighters struck again. The dragon labored; the warrior was surrounded by flame.

His comrades, all sons of chieftains, did not stand with their king. They fled into the woods and hid for their lives. Only one of them had the mind to face the danger with him.


Lesson Eleven

XXXVI. Dragon Strikes Again, Wiglaf Comes

Summary: His name was Wiglaf, son of Weohstan, a warrior, and prince of the Scylfings (Swedes) and kinsman of Aelfhere. He saw his lord suffering under the heat of his helmet and remembered all that Beowulf had bestowed on him, including the dwelling place of the Waegmundings and rights passed down to him from his father. Wiglaf could not hold himself back. He seized his yellow wooden shield, and raised his ancient sword that had been a relic of Eanmund, son of Ohtere. Weohstan, the father of Wiglaf, had killed the friendless exile, Eanmund, then taken from him his helmet, corslet, and his giant sword. He had taken them to Eanmund’s uncle, King Onela. Onela did not punish him for killing his own nephew, but instead let Weohstan keep them for helping him in the battle against his nephew. When Weohstan died, Wiglaf inherited the sword and battle gear.

This was the first time Wiglaf stood in battle with Beowulf. But the sword of his father did not fail, as the dragon soon discovered.

Wiglaf had spoken to his comrades who had fled. “Remember when we all drank mead in his hall and promised we would faithfully use the gifts of war-gear he gave us if ever a need came. He chose us out of many. He counted us as good warriors though he intended to win this battle without our help. Now the day has come when he needs us as strong warriors. Let us go to him while the fire is hot. God knows that I would rather the flames consume me with my lord. It is not right that we should take our shields and go home. He should not suffer alone but if we cannot kill the dragon, we share his fate.”

Wiglaf then went into the wreck, to the side of his prince, and spoke few words. “Dear Beowulf, do all things well as you said long ago. While your life lasts, be mighty in deeds. I will help you.”

Once more the dragon attacked. Wiglaf’s wooden shield was consumed by the flames, but he stood with Beowulf beneath his iron buckler (shield). Beowulf struck with great might into the head of the dragon with his broken sword Naegling. It burst into pieces. Fate had not granted success to Beowulf.

For the third time the dragon plunged. Hot and fierce, he grabbed Beowulf by the neck. His life blood poured out.


XXXVII. Dragon Struck Down; Beowulf's Request

Summary: Then I heard that Wiglaf struck the dragon lower on his body with his sword, burning his own hand. With strength and courage he beat back the monster a little, his sword sank in, and the fire started to go down. Then the king mastered his thoughts and brandished his sharp battle knife worn on his corslet. He tore through the dragon. Thus they both killed him, the two kinsmen together.

That was Beowulf’s last victory; his last mighty deed. The wound the dragon gave him began to burn and swell. The poison spread in his breast. He sat down by a seat along the wall, gazed at the ancient structure with stone arches and pillars.

Wiglaf loosened his helmet and bathed his wounds. Then Beowulf spoke. He knew his death was near. “Now I would give armor to my son, if I had one. For the fifty years I have been king, no other kingdom dared attack us. I have guarded our land, made no attacks on others, or sworn unjust oaths. Now that I am dying of mortal wounds, I can rejoice in this: the Ruler of men will have no cause to blame me for the slaughter of kinsmen. Now, dear Wiglaf, quickly go to the hoard of treasure under the gray stone, now that the dragon is dead. Let me see the riches I have won so I may more easily leave this land that I have long guarded.”


XXXVIII. Last Request and Farewell

Summary: Wiglaf quickly obeyed his king and entered the barrow. Exulting in victory, he beheld many ancient treasures. Those riches would madden most men.

He also saw the greatest of wonders, a banner over-head. A light gleaned from the banner, shone on the floor, and revealed the jewels. The dragon was gone. I heard that the one man riled through the hoard, including things made by giants, carried off flagons and dishes, and also took the shining banner. The iron sword of Beowulf had ended the dragon’s guardianship. Wiglaf was eager to get back. He wanted to find Beowulf alive when he got back to him.

He found the king bleeding, very near the end of his life. Wiglaf washed him with water. Once more Beowulf spoke as he gazed on the gold. “I give thanks to the King of Glory, the Eternal Lord, for what I see, that I have been able to win this for my people. Now that I have sold my life for this treasure, you must attend to the people’s needs. Bid the men to build a barrow (mound) on the headland (cliff) of the coast after my body is burned in the funeral pyre. It shall tower high on Hronesness (Earnaness, Arnas) as a reminder. Sailors afterwards will call it Beowulf’s Barrow.”

Then the king took from his neck a golden ring and gave it to Wiglaf. He also gave him his helmet and corslet and bid him use them well. “You are the last of our race of the Waegmundings. Fate has swept all of our kinsmen away, and now I must follow them.” That was the old man’s last words before he died. His soul passed from his breast to seek the splendour of the saints.


XXXIX. Wiglaf’s Reproach

Summary: Wiglaf grieved to see Beowulf lying helpless and dead. The dragon was also lifeless. No longer would the coiled dragon guard the treasure, but iron swords had brought him down. No longer would he wheel in flight or exalt in treasure. I have heard that few men have succeeded in charging against such a venomous creature. Beowulf had paid with his life for the treasure; and now both were dead.

It was not long before the ten cowards who had fled returned.. They shamefully bore their shields and war-gear to where the old man lay. They looked at Wiglaf. He sat, tired, by his prince’s shoulder; trying to revive him with water. He could not succeed, as much as he wanted, nor altar the will of the Almighty. God’s might is over all the deeds of men.

Wiglaf, son of Weohstan, spoke in anger. “Behold! Any who wishes to tell the truth can say that the one who gave you those weapons in the mead hall threw them away. Our king had no reason to boast in the comrades he chose when it came to the actual fight. Yet God, who gives victories, allowed that he alone would kill the dragon. Small help could I give, though I tried with more might than I had. When I stabbed the beast with my sword he grew weaker and his fiery breath grew less. But there were too few protectors around the prince. Now the receiving of jewels, and swords, and heritage, and all life’s necessities shall pass from your race. The people will wander, stripped of the rights of their land, when the chiefs of other tribes hear how the kings’ men fled. Death would have been better for you cowardly earls than a shameful life.


XL. Announcement to the Geat Tribe

Summary: A messenger went to the camp where the king’s men were waiting in gloom to hear the outcome. The herald announced, “Beowulf has died. By his side lies the dragon from knife wounds since his sword could not kill him. And Wiglaf faithfully sits at his side.

“Expect strife from other tribes: from the Frisians and Franks, and the Hugas and Hetwares whom King Hygelac attacked in their land by the river Rhine long ago. With their alliance, they had greater numbers and have no good will towards us.

“Nor can we expect peace from the Swedes. Remember Ongentheow, father of Onela and Ohthere, killed Haethcyn, son of Hrethel and brother of Hygelac after the Geats attacked the warlike Scylfings (Swedes.) Ongentheow rescued his wife who lost her gold. Then he followed the leaderless Geats until they escaped into the forest of Ravenswood. He besieged them in the woods with the intent to kill them the next day, until the horn of Hygelac rescued them.“


XLI.The Messenger Continues

Summary: The messenger continued his report of the old battle between Ongentheow of the Swedes and Hygelac of the Geats that had occured before Beowulf was king. “The trail of blood between Swedes and Geats was everywhere. Ongentheow retreated to higher ground because of the battle skill of Hygelac. The Geats pushed forward. Then there was a fight between King Ongentheow and the sons of Wonred, a Geat. First Wulf, son of Wonred, struck at Ongentheow. But the aged Scylfing king struck back. He clove the helmet of Wulf who fell to the ground, wounded but not dead. Then Wulf’s brother, Eomor, a thane of King Hygelac, crashed his broad sword through helmet and shield, killing King Ongentheow of the Swedes. The Geats carried the wounded Wulf away. They took Ongentheow’s battle gear and gave it to King Hygelac. Hygelac rewarded both Wulf and Eomor 100,000 measures of land and many twisted rings. No one could say he was not generous with them. Then he gave his only daughter to Eomor as a wife.

“I fear that the Swedes will take revenge for this old feud now that our king is dead.

“We must be quick. Let us gaze on our king, then bring him to the funeral pyre. We will burn the rich treasure which he bought with his life. No man shall wear these riches, nor maiden wear these treasures.Instead, they will be sad, bereft of gold, and wander in a strange land. Our leader is done with laughter and joy. It is not the harp that will wake us in the morning but the raven who will tell the eagle how he feasted with the wolf on the bodies of the slain. Thus the messenger gave his solemn report. He did not lie.The troops rose and went under Earnanaess( Eagle’s Head) to see the king with tears in their eyes. They found their ring-giver lifeless laying on the sand. They also saw the fifty-foot dragon, scorched with flames where he lay dead. He who had often flown at night was now bound by death.

By him lay goblets and flagons and rusted swords as if they had been hidden under the earth for a thousand years. For a thousand years before, a curse had been placed on that the treasure hoard so that none could keep that treasure unless God, the helper of heroes, granted to someone of His own choice to do so.


XLII. Fate of the Treasure Hoard

Summary:The plans of those who had hidden the treasure deep under the earth came to nothing. The guardian slew the great warrior Beowulf, who was revenged by the other’s death. It is unknown when a prince may die. Thus it was with Beowulf when he sought the guardian’s barrow and battle. He did not know how his life would end.

Thus had the mighty chieftains of old laid a curse until the Day of Doom that the one who despoiled their treasure should be condemned, held in the bonds of hell, and tormented by evil. Alas Beowulf did not know the might of the old owners’ curse.

Wiglaf said, “Often evil comes through one. We could not stop our dear prince from approaching the guardian of gold but to let him lie until the end of the world. We have suffered much, the hoard has been seen, grimly won, a hard fate drew our king. It was granted to me to see the treasure and it is not a pleasant passage. In haste I grabbed treasures in my hand and took them to the king while he yet lived. He said many things to me. He bade me to greet you, and raise a barrow on the site of the pyre which would befit his exploits as the most renowed warrior. So let us hasten to see those gems. Like the bier be made ready quickly. We will bring our prince to it who will then be held in the Almighty’s keeping.

Wiglaf gave orders that the owners-of-dwellings and leaders of men should bring wood for the funeral fire. “The fire shall consume the warrior who withstood the onslaught of iron.”

He called the best seven of the king’s thanes and they went together under that hostile roof, one carrying a torch. They did not need to cast lots to see who would touch the treasure for they knew none guarded it. They did not mourn that the treasure should be burnt. And they shoved the dragon over the cliff and let the waves take him. Twisted gold beyond measure was laid on a wagon with their chieftain, and born to Hronesness (Whale’s Head, Eagle’s Head, Arnass).


XLIII. The Funeral

Summary: The Geats made a large pyre surrounded by weapons as he desired. Then they laid him in the midst. They made a fire, the flames rose, crackling sounds mixed with the sound of weeping. The body was consumed. They grieved. A woman sang a funeral dirge, fearful of her future. The smoke faded.

The people made a broad, lofty mound at the edge of the headland (cliff) which was visible far away to sea-farers. In ten days they finished the memorial by surrounding the pyre with a wall. It was the best that their wisest could design. Inside the mound they laid the rings and ornaments the warriors had taken from the hoard. They let the earth keep that treasure, where it still lies under the ground, as useless as it was before. Then twelve bold chieftains rode around the mound; they exalted his life and praised his great deeds.

Thus should a man praise a good lord whom he loved when he dies. Thus did the Geats grieve the fall of their lord. They said he was the most geneorous and kind man, gentle, and eager for praise.


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